Overview
The Enneagram maps nine personality types — Reformer, Helper, Achiever, Individualist, Investigator, Loyalist, Enthusiast, Challenger, Peacemaker — grouped into gut, heart and head centres, with wings and stress/growth arrows. Developed by Ichazo and Naranjo and popularised by Riso and Hudson, it focuses on fears and desires. A systematic review (Hook et al., 2021) found mixed-quality evidence and limited support for type validity, so it suits reflection rather than hiring or diagnosis. Compare MBTI and the better-validated Big Five; beware the Barnum effect.
Frequently asked questions
- Is it scientific?
- Evidence is limited.
References
- Riso, D. R., & Hudson, R. (1999). The Wisdom of the Enneagram. Bantam.
- Hook, J. N., Hall, T. W., Davis, D. E., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Conner, M. (2021). The Enneagram: A systematic review of the literature and directions for future research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(4), 865–883.
- Palmer, H. (1988). The Enneagram. Harper & Row.