The metaparadigm and early theories
Most nursing theories define four core concepts—person, environment, health, and nursing—in their own way. Florence Nightingale (1859) saw nursing as managing the environment—fresh air, light, cleanliness—so nature can heal. Virginia Henderson defined nursing's unique function as helping patients meet 14 basic needs, such as breathing, eating, elimination, and sleep, until they can do so themselves.
Major theories compared
Dorothea Orem focused on self-care deficits; Callista Roy on adaptation across physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence modes; Hildegard Peplau on the nurse–patient interpersonal relationship; and Jean Watson on human caring. Needs-based approaches often pair with Maslow's hierarchy to prioritize care.
This article is general health information and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment. If symptoms persist, see a doctor.
FAQ
- Why does nursing theory matter in practice?
- It gives a framework for assessment, diagnosis, and intervention, supporting consistent evidence-based care.
- Grand vs. middle-range theory?
- Grand theories are broad and abstract; middle-range theories address specific phenomena like pain or uncertainty.
Sources reviewed: 2026-10-26
References
- Nightingale, F. (1859). Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not. London: Harrison.
- Henderson, V. (1966). The Nature of Nursing. New York: Macmillan.
- Orem, D. E. (2001). Nursing: Concepts of Practice (6th ed.). Mosby.
- Alligood, M. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Elsevier.