Does it cover voting?

Partly; the Voting Rights Act of 1965 followed.

Who must comply with Title VII?

Employers with 15 or more employees, unions and employment agencies.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

⚖️ Law By CampusDown Wiki Editorial Team Last updated October 23, 2026

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 bans discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin in public accommodations, federally funded programs and employment. President Johnson signed it on July 2, 1964.

Contents

1. Overview
2. Key titles
3. Landmark cases
4. Comparison
5. Frequently asked questions
6. References

Overview

Proposed by Kennedy and signed by Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964, after the Senate broke a long filibuster.

📌 At a glance

Key titles: II, VI, VII
Enforcement: EEOC (employment)

Key titles

Title	Scope
II	Public accommodations
VI	Federally funded programs
VII	Employers with 15+ employees

Landmark cases

*Heart of Atlanta Motel* (1964) upheld Title II under the Commerce Clause; *Griggs v. Duke Power* (1971) recognized disparate impact; *Bostock* (2020) covered sexual orientation and gender identity.

“Sex” was added late in House debate. That single word became the basis of US workplace sex-discrimination law.

Comparison

Korea lacks a comprehensive anti-discrimination act and relies on sector laws such as the Disability Discrimination Act; Japan likewise uses separate statutes.

Frequently asked questions

Does it cover voting?: Partly; the Voting Rights Act of 1965 followed.
Who must comply with Title VII?: Employers with 15 or more employees, unions and employment agencies.

References

Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241 (U.S. EEOC, eeoc.gov).
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964).
Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971).
Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U.S. 644 (2020).
日本「雇用の分野における男女の均等な機会及び待遇の確保等に関する法律」(1985年).

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This article was last updated on October 23, 2026. It is based on widely recognized original works and textbooks; when citing it in a paper, please check the original sources listed in the references.