Structure of the psyche
- Ego: centre of consciousness
- Personal unconscious: repressed or forgotten material and emotionally charged complexes
- Collective unconscious: inherited, universal patterns called archetypes
Key archetypes
- Persona: the social mask; over-identification loses the self
- Shadow: rejected aspects, often projected onto others
- Anima/animus: contrasexual images
- Self: the archetype of wholeness
Psychological types
In Psychological Types (1921) Jung described introversion and extraversion and four functions: thinking and feeling (judging), sensation and intuition (perceiving). Myers and Briggs built the MBTI on this, adding the J/P scale.
Individuation
Especially from midlife, individuation means recognising persona and shadow and integrating opposites to realise the Self. Dream analysis and active imagination are key methods.
Differences from Freud
Jung treated libido as general psychic energy, emphasised purpose and lifelong development rather than early determinism, and saw the unconscious as collective and creative.
References
- Jung, C. G. (1971). Psychological Types (Collected Works Vol. 6). Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1921)
- Jung, C. G. (1959). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (Collected Works Vol. 9i). Princeton University Press.
- Jung, C. G. (1964). Man and His Symbols. Doubleday.
- Feist, J., Feist, G. J., & Roberts, T.-A. (2018). Theories of Personality (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill.