What is bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder involves distinct episodes lasting days to weeks: mania or hypomania (elevated or irritable mood, reduced need for sleep, racing thoughts, risky behaviour) and depression. It is different from ordinary mood swings.
Types
Bipolar I includes at least one manic episode; bipolar II includes hypomanic and major depressive episodes; cyclothymic disorder involves long-term fluctuating symptoms below episode thresholds.
Treatment
Mood stabilisers and other medication prescribed by a psychiatrist, plus psychoeducation, psychotherapy and regular sleep, help reduce relapse.
Where to get help
📌 At a glance
- Korea
- 109 (suicide prevention), 1577-0199 (mental health crisis)
- US
- 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline
- UK/Ireland
- Samaritans 116 123
- Emergency
- Local emergency number
This article is general information, not a diagnosis or medical advice. If you are concerned, please consult a qualified health professional.
Frequently asked questions
- Is bipolar disorder the same as frequent mood swings?
- No; it is defined by episodes lasting days or more and is diagnosed by clinicians.
- What is the difference between bipolar I and II?
- Bipolar I involves mania; bipolar II involves hypomania and depression without full mania.
References
- American Psychiatric Association. (2022). DSM-5-TR.
- McIntyre, R. S., Berk, M., Brietzke, E., et al. (2020). Bipolar disorders. The Lancet, 396(10265), 1841–1856.
- National Institute of Mental Health. Bipolar disorder. nimh.nih.gov.