How does hepatitis B spread, and how do I read the tests?
HBV spreads through blood and body fluids—sharing needles, razors or toothbrushes, unprotected sex and from mother to baby at birth. It does not spread through food, sharing utensils, hugging or coughing.
| Test | Positive means |
|---|---|
| HBsAg | Current infection |
| Anti-HBs | Immune (vaccinated or recovered) |
| Anti-HBc | Past or current infection |
What if I have chronic hepatitis B?
A positive HBsAg for six months or longer means chronic infection. Even with normal liver enzymes, regular blood tests and—for higher-risk groups—ultrasound every six months help catch liver cancer early. Active disease is treated with long-term antivirals like tenofovir or entecavir (Terrault et al., 2018). Limit alcohol and manage fatty liver. The CDC recommends hepatitis B vaccination for all adults 19–59.
This article is general health information and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment. If symptoms persist, see a doctor.
FAQ
- Can I share meals with someone who has hepatitis B?
- Yes—it isn't spread through food, utensils or casual contact.
- What if I don't develop antibodies after the vaccine?
- Doctors may repeat the series; some people remain non-responders and should take extra precautions.
Sources reviewed: 2026-10-25
References
- World Health Organization. (2024). Global hepatitis report 2024. WHO.
- Terrault, N. A., et al. (2018). Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 guidance. Hepatology, 67(4), 1560–1599.