What is PCOS?
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormone disorder in which ovulation is infrequent or absent, androgen ("male hormone") levels run high, and ultrasound often shows many small follicles. According to the 2023 international guideline, it affects 10–13% of women of reproductive age. Insulin resistance plays a central role, so PCOS can occur even in people who aren't overweight.
How is PCOS diagnosed?
Most clinicians use the Rotterdam criteria (2003): at least two of three—(1) irregular or absent ovulation, (2) clinical or lab signs of high androgens such as excess facial hair, acne or elevated testosterone, and (3) polycystic ovaries on ultrasound or a high AMH level—after ruling out thyroid disease, high prolactin and other causes.
Treatment and long-term health
If weight is a factor, losing even 5–10% can restore ovulation and improve metabolic markers. Birth control pills help regulate periods and acne, metformin targets insulin resistance, and letrozole is first-line for ovulation induction if you're trying to conceive. Because PCOS raises the risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, depression and anxiety, regular screening is recommended.
This article is general health information and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment. If symptoms persist, see a doctor.
FAQ
- Can you get pregnant with PCOS?
- Yes. It may take longer, but ovulation-inducing medication helps many people conceive.
- Can thin women have PCOS?
- Yes. "Lean PCOS" is real, and insulin resistance can still be present.
Sources reviewed: 2026-10-25
References
- Teede, H. J., Tay, C. T., Laven, J. J. E., et al. (2023). Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 108(10), 2447–2469.
- Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. (2004). Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility, 81(1), 19–25.