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Survivorship bias

🧠 Psychology By CampusDown Wiki Editorial Team Last updated
Survivorship bias is drawing conclusions from cases that survived a selection process while overlooking those that failed and disappeared.
Contents
  1. 1. Overview
  2. 2. Frequently asked questions
  3. 3. References

Overview

A form of selection bias. In WWII, Abraham Wald (Statistical Research Group, Columbia) argued that armour should go where returning bombers had *no* hits, since planes hit there did not return. Other examples: fund performance excluding closed funds, dropout success stories, “old things were built better”. Ask what is missing from the data. See availability heuristic.

Frequently asked questions

How is it different from confirmation bias?
It stems from filtered data, not selective seeking.

References

  1. Mangel, M., & Samaniego, F. J. (1984). Abraham Wald’s work on aircraft survivability. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79(386), 259–267.
  2. Brown, S. J., Goetzmann, W., Ibbotson, R. G., & Ross, S. A. (1992). Survivorship bias in performance studies. Review of Financial Studies, 5(4), 553–580.

Reports and materials that use this theory (Korean)

There are no materials dedicated to this theory yet, but you can search related reports in the CampusDown library (Korean).

Find more reports · Search '생존자 편향' on CampusDown →
Misinformation and Confirmation BiasWhy false information spreads and why people accept it. Covers mis-, dis- and mal-information, confirmation bias from Wason's task onward, filter bubbles and echo chambers, the continued influence effect, and remedies such as fact-checking and prebunking.🎨 Media, Arts & CultureAvailability heuristicWhat is the availability heuristic? The definition, Tversky and Kahneman’s 1973 letter-K experiment, the study of judged frequency of lethal events, everyday examples in news, insurance and investing, how it differs from anchoring, and ways to reduce bias.🧠 PsychologyHindsight biasHindsight bias is the tendency, after learning an outcome, to see it as having been more predictable than it was: the “I knew it all along” effect.🧠 PsychologyMaslow's Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow's hierarchy of needs explained: definition, the five levels, deficiency vs. growth needs, the pyramid myth, empirical criticisms and limitations, report examples for social work, nursing and business, and references.🧠 Psychology

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This article was last updated on October 24, 2026. It is based on widely recognized original works and textbooks; when citing it in a paper, please check the original sources listed in the references.