Psychodynamic
Freud's psychoanalysis (unconscious, defences, transference), Adler's individual psychology, Jung's analytical psychology and object relations.
Humanistic and existential
Rogers' person-centred therapy (congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathy), Perls' Gestalt therapy (here-and-now awareness, empty chair) and existential therapy (Yalom, Frankl).
Cognitive-behavioural
Behaviour therapy (desensitisation, reinforcement, exposure), Ellis's REBT, Beck's cognitive therapy and Glasser's reality therapy (choice theory, five needs, WDEP).
Systemic and constructivist
Bowen family systems, structural family therapy, solution-focused brief therapy and narrative therapy.
Common factors
Meta-analyses find small differences between bona fide therapies, with the alliance, empathy and expectancy contributing substantially (Wampold), encouraging integrative practice.
References
- Corey, G. (2017). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (10th ed.). Cengage.
- Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (2018). Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis (9th ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). The Great Psychotherapy Debate (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Glasser, W. (1998). Choice Theory. HarperCollins.