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Backward design

📚 Education By CampusDown Wiki Editorial Team Last updated
Backward design plans instruction by first defining goals and evidence of learning, then designing learning experiences.
Contents
  1. 1. Backward design
  2. 2. Frequently asked questions
  3. 3. References

Backward design

In *Understanding by Design*, Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe proposed three stages: 1) identify desired results, 2) determine acceptable evidence, 3) plan learning experiences. Planning starts from enduring understandings and essential questions; evidence includes performance tasks (designed with GRASPS: goal, role, audience, situation, product, standards) and formative assessment. It improves alignment but takes time to design.

Frequently asked questions

Why “backward”?
It starts from goals and assessment rather than activities.
Is it the same as UbD?
It is UbD’s core design principle.

References

  1. Wiggins, G., & McTighe, J. (2005). Understanding by design (Expanded 2nd ed.). ASCD.
  2. Tyler, R. W. (1949). Basic principles of curriculum and instruction. University of Chicago Press.

Reports and materials that use this theory (Korean)

There are no materials dedicated to this theory yet, but you can search related reports in the CampusDown library (Korean).

Find more reports · Search '백워드 설계' on CampusDown →
Formative assessmentWhat formative assessment is, its origin with Scriven and Bloom, how it differs from diagnostic and summative assessment, classroom methods such as exit tickets and self-assessment, and Black and Wiliam’s evidence on feedback.📚 EducationBloom’s taxonomyWhat is Bloom’s taxonomy? The 1956 cognitive domain, the 2001 Anderson and Krathwohl revision (remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create), the knowledge dimension, action verbs, and using it for objectives and assessment.📚 EducationConstructivist Learning TheoryConstructivist learning theory: knowledge is actively built by learners. Compares Piaget's cognitive and Vygotsky's social constructivism and covers situated learning, cognitive apprenticeship, problem-based learning and critiques.📚 EducationHidden curriculumThe hidden curriculum is the values, attitudes and norms students learn implicitly through school life, beyond what is formally planned.📚 Education

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This article was last updated on October 24, 2026. It is based on widely recognized original works and textbooks; when citing it in a paper, please check the original sources listed in the references.