Background and definition
Norwegian psychologist Dan Olweus began large-scale bullying research in the 1970s. After three Norwegian boys who had been bullied died by suicide in 1982, a national campaign and his programme followed. Bullying involves intent, repetition and an imbalance of power.
Forms and traits
- Direct: hitting, teasing, threats.
- Indirect: exclusion and rumours; cyberbullying is now included.
- Bullies: need for dominance, positive attitudes to aggression, low empathy.
- Victims: mostly passive, with a smaller provocative group.
Bullying circle
Roles run from bully, followers and supporters to disengaged onlookers, possible defenders and defenders; bystanders shape whether bullying continues.
OBPP
School, classroom, individual and community components, including surveys, supervision, class rules and meetings and talks with families. Norwegian evaluations reported large reductions; results elsewhere vary.
Korean context
It informs the school violence prevention act, bystander education and school social work case management, with an ecological view.
References
- Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do. Blackwell.
- Olweus, D., & Limber, S. P. (2010). Bullying in school: Evaluation and dissemination of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(1), 124-134.
- Salmivalli, C., et al. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22(1), 1-15.
- 학교폭력예방 및 대책에 관한 법률 (법률 제7119호, 2004 제정).