概述
米兰诺维奇等人绘制的全球收入分位实际收入增长图，形似大象。
发展
与库兹涅茨曲线相关。
评价
有实证与批评。
常见问题
- 大象曲线是什么？
- 米兰诺维奇等人绘制的全球收入分位实际收入增长图，形似大象。
- 为何重要？
- 有助于理解社会。
来源核查日期：2026-10-26
参考文献
- Lakner, C., & Milanovic, B. (2016). Global income distribution: From the fall of the Berlin Wall to the Great Recession. World Bank Economic Review, 30(2), 203–232. 首次提出大象曲线的原始论文，含数据与方法。
- Milanovic, B. (2016). Global inequality: A new approach for the age of globalization. Harvard University Press. 基于曲线全面解读全球化与不平等的专著。
- Milanovic, B. (2009). Global inequality recalculated: The effect of new 2005 PPP estimates on global inequality (Policy Research Working Paper No. 5061). World Bank. 说明购买力平价修订如何改变全球不平等估计。
- Corlett, A. (2016). Examining an elephant: Globalisation and the lower middle class of the rich world. Resolution Foundation. 重新检视国家构成变化对曲线形状的影响。
- Kharas, H., & Seidel, B. (2018). What's happening to the world income distribution? The elephant chart revisited (Global Economy & Development Working Paper 114). Brookings Institution. 用更新数据重绘曲线，显示结果的敏感性。
- Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 45(1), 1–28. 讨论增长与不平等关系的经典，便于与国内不平等理论比较。
- Hacker, J. S., & Pierson, P. (2010). Winner-take-all politics: Public policy, political organization, and the precipitous rise of top incomes in the United States. Politics & Society, 38(2), 152–204. 以政治解释曲线末端顶层收入的激增。