نموذج الرفض والتماهي

النشأة

دراسة 1999.

التوسع

جماعات مختارة ودراسات طولية.

الأهمية

حماية جزئية فقط.

الأسئلة الشائعة

ما النموذج ببساطة؟

التمييز يؤلم لكنه يوحد.

هل يزول الضرر؟

لا، الحماية جزئية.

تاريخ مراجعة المصادر: 2026-10-26

المراجع

1. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96(4), 608–630. النظرية السابقة.
2. Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 135–149. الورقة الأصلية.
3. Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Spears, R. (2001). Rebels with a cause: Group identification as a response to perceived discrimination from the mainstream. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1204–1213. جماعات مختارة.
4. Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Kobrynowicz, D., & Owen, S. (2002). Perceiving discrimination against one's gender group has different implications for well-being in women and men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(2), 197–210. فروق المكانة.
5. Cronin, T. J., Levin, S., Branscombe, N. R., van Laar, C., & Tropp, L. R. (2012). Ethnic identification in response to perceived discrimination protects well-being and promotes activism: A longitudinal study of Latino college students. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(3), 393–407. دراسة طولية.
6. Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531–554. تحليل تلوي للصحة.
7. Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 921–948. تحليل تلوي للرفاه.