竞争与参与
源于多元主义。
制度条件
七项条件。
测量
V-Dem等。
常见问题
- 简单来说？
- 现实中的民主。
- 为何不叫民主？
- 区别于理想。
来源核查日期：2026-10-26
参考文献
- Dahl, R. A. (1956). A preface to democratic theory. University of Chicago Press. 早期奠基著作。
- Dahl, R. A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and opposition. Yale University Press. 代表作。
- Dahl, R. A. (1989). Democracy and its critics. Yale University Press. 后期重述。
- Coppedge, M., & Reinicke, W. H. (1990). Measuring polyarchy. Studies in Comparative International Development, 25(1), 51–72. 测量量表。
- Munck, G. L., & Verkuilen, J. (2002). Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: Evaluating alternative indices. Comparative Political Studies, 35(1), 5–34. 指数比较。
- Coppedge, M., Alvarez, A., & Maldonado, C. (2008). Two persistent dimensions of democracy: Contestation and inclusiveness. Journal of Politics, 70(3), 632–647. 验证两个维度。
- Teorell, J., Coppedge, M., Lindberg, S., & Skaaning, S.-E. (2019). Measuring polyarchy across the globe, 1900–2017. Studies in Comparative International Development, 54(1), 71–95. V-Dem指数。