退出与呼吁
与集体行动困境相关。
忠诚与国家
劳动与组织行为
常与公共选择理论并用。
常见问题
- 简单来说是什么？
- 离开、发声或留下的理论。
- 退出容易为何是问题？
- 呼吁会减弱。
来源核查日期：2026-10-26
参考文献
- Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Harvard University Press. 首次提出退出与呼吁概念的原典，适合了解理论整体逻辑。
- Hirschman, A. O. (1978). Exit, voice, and the state. World Politics, 31(1), 90–107. 将理论应用于国家与国际移民的论文，适合了解政治扩展。
- Hirschman, A. O. (1993). Exit, voice, and the fate of the German Democratic Republic: An essay in conceptual history. World Politics, 45(2), 173–202. 分析东德崩溃中退出与呼吁共同作用的论文，适合了解两者互动。
- Freeman, R. B. (1980). The exit-voice tradeoff in the labor market: Unionism, job tenure, quits, and separations. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 94(4), 643–673. 实证工会作为呼吁渠道减少离职的论文，适合了解劳动市场应用。
- Farrell, D. (1983). Exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect as responses to job dissatisfaction: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 596–607. 将“忽视”增为第四种反应的论文，适合了解组织行为学扩展。
- Rusbult, C. E., Farrell, D., Rogers, G., & Mainous, A. G. (1988). Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 599–627. 综合检验EVLN模型的论文，适合了解反应选择的条件。
- Tiebout, C. M. (1956). A pure theory of local expenditures. Journal of Political Economy, 64(5), 416–424. 探讨居民“用脚投票”的经典，适合了解公共部门的退出机制。