概念
是庇护主义的一种。
秘密投票下
中间人与互惠起作用。
测量与应对
存在低估问题。
常见问题
- 简单来说？
- 用钱买票。
- 为何有效？
- 监视与互惠。
来源核查日期：2026-10-26
参考文献
- Schaffer, F. C. (Ed.). (2007). Elections for sale: The causes and consequences of vote buying. Lynne Rienner. 各国案例文集。
- Stokes, S. C. (2005). Perverse accountability: A formal model of machine politics with evidence from Argentina. American Political Science Review, 99(3), 315–325. 反向问责模型。
- Nichter, S. (2008). Vote buying or turnout buying? Machine politics and the secret ballot. American Political Science Review, 102(1), 19–31. 购买投票参与。
- Finan, F., & Schechter, L. (2012). Vote-buying and reciprocity. Econometrica, 80(2), 863–881. 互惠维持买票。
- Gonzalez-Ocantos, E., de Jonge, C. K., Meléndez, C., Osorio, J., & Nickerson, D. W. (2012). Vote buying and social desirability bias: Experimental evidence from Nicaragua. American Journal of Political Science, 56(1), 202–217. 测量偏差。
- Stokes, S. C., Dunning, T., Nazareno, M., & Brusco, V. (2013). Brokers, voters, and clientelism: The puzzle of distributive politics. Cambridge University Press. 中间人与庇护主义。
- Vicente, P. C. (2014). Is vote buying effective? Evidence from a field experiment in West Africa. The Economic Journal, 124(574), F356–F387. 田野实验论文。