起源:《煤炭问题》
杰文斯(1865)指出,在瓦特蒸汽机等更高效利用煤炭的技术出现之后,英国的煤炭消费反而急剧上升。他写道:“认为节约使用燃料等同于减少消费,完全是一种观念上的混淆。”效率提高会降低从煤炭获得动力的实际价格,从而催生新的用途和产业,推动总需求增长。富凯与皮尔逊(2006)利用英国七个世纪的照明服务数据表明,随着照明效率提高,照明消费出现了爆炸式增长。
回弹效应与卡祖姆-布鲁克斯假说
现代能源经济学把效率提高所预期的节约中被需求增加所抵消的部分称为回弹效应。当回弹超过100%、总消费上升时,便是逆火效应,即严格意义上的杰文斯悖论。卡祖姆(1980)认为家电能效标准可能无法如预期般节能,布鲁克斯(1990)则认为在整体经济层面效率提高会增加能源消费。桑德斯(1992)在新古典增长模型中给出了这一主张成立的条件,并将其命名为“卡祖姆-布鲁克斯假说”。
实证研究与争论
格里宁、格林与迪菲利奥(2000)综述了家庭供暖和汽车等终端用途,发现直接回弹效应一般在10%至30%之间。斯莫尔与范登德(2007)估计美国汽车出行的回弹效应随收入上升而下降。相反,索雷尔(2009)和阿尔科特(2005)认为,一旦计入生产部门和整体经济的间接效应,就不能排除逆火的可能。吉林厄姆、拉普森与瓦格纳(2016)以及博伦斯坦(2015)总结指出,回弹效应并不会抹去效率提高带来的福利收益,应分别评估收入效应和替代效应。
常见问题
- 如何简单理解杰文斯悖论?
- 如果汽车更省油、开车更便宜,人们可能会开得更多,结果总耗油量不降反升。
- 它和回弹效应是一回事吗?
- 回弹效应泛指预期节约被部分抵消的现象;杰文斯悖论是抵消超过100%、总消费增加的极端情形。
来源核查日期:2026-10-26
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