母职惩罚

现象

子女惩罚。

原因

人力资本与歧视。

制度

照护体制影响。

常见问题

简单来说？

母亲工资更低。

原因？

中断与歧视。

来源核查日期：2026-10-26

参考文献

1. Waldfogel, J. (1998). Understanding the "family gap" in pay for women with children. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(1), 137–156. 家庭工资差距综述。
2. Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204–225. 代表性估计。
3. Anderson, D. J., Binder, M., & Krause, K. (2003). The motherhood wage penalty revisited: Experience, heterogeneity, work effort, and work-schedule flexibility. ILR Review, 56(2), 273–294. 检验原因。
4. Correll, S. J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007). Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112(5), 1297–1339. 雇主歧视实验。
5. Gangl, M., & Ziefle, A. (2009). Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women's careers: An empirical assessment of the wage penalty for motherhood in Britain, Germany, and the United States. Demography, 46(2), 341–369. 三国比较。
6. Budig, M. J., & Hodges, M. J. (2010). Differences in disadvantage: Variation in the motherhood penalty across white women's earnings distribution. American Sociological Review, 75(5), 705–728. 低收入者更大。
7. Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 11(4), 181–209. 生育前后追踪。