发现与经典解释
霍夫兰、拉姆斯丹与谢菲尔德(1949)给美军士兵放映宣传片《我们为何而战》后发现,部分意见变化在九周后比五天后更大。霍夫兰与韦斯(1951)以高可信度和低可信度信源的名义呈现同样的文章:起初高可信度信源的说服力大得多,但四周后两种条件的差异几乎消失。他们用折扣线索假说加以解释:随着时间推移,人们对“说了什么”的记忆比对“谁说的”更牢。凯尔曼与霍夫兰(1953)表明,事后重新提醒信源,睡眠者效应就会消失,从而支持了这一解释。
争论与分离假说
此后,睡眠者效应因难以重复而饱受争议。吉利格与格林沃尔德(1974)在七次实验中都未发现该效应,并发问:“是不是该让睡眠者效应安息了?”不过,格鲁德等(1978)以及库克与弗莱(1978)找出了效应稳定出现的条件:信息足够有力,折扣线索在信息之后给出,且人们认真加工了内容。普拉卡尼斯等(1988)提出差异衰退假说:折扣线索在信息之后呈现时,内容与线索在记忆中分开储存,线索的影响衰退得更快。这与精细加工可能性模型(佩蒂与卡乔波,1986)所说的中心路径加工相联系。
元分析与虚假信息研究
库姆卡莱与阿尔瓦拉辛(2004)对72项实验进行元分析,证实条件合适时睡眠者效应会可靠地出现,尤其当信息论据有力、接收者卷入度与能力较高、折扣线索在信息之后出现时,效应更大。这一现象对当今的虚假信息研究很重要。约翰逊与塞弗特(1994)展示了持续影响效应,即已被更正的错误信息仍会持续影响后来的推断;莱万多夫斯基等(2012)总结指出,仅靠简单更正或“信源不可信”的警告,不足以消除虚假信息的影响。安德伍德与佩兹德克(1998)报告说,在目击者记忆中也会出现类似睡眠者效应的模式:来自低可信度信源的误导信息随时间推移影响增大。
常见问题
- 如何简单理解睡眠者效应?
- 起初因为消息来源不可靠而不予理会,但时间一长,忘了来源只记得内容,于是渐渐相信了这番话。
- 睡眠者效应总会出现吗?
- 不会。它主要出现在信息本身有说服力、贬低信源的信息在之后才给出、且人们认真加工过内容的情况下。重新提醒信源会削弱这一效应。
来源核查日期:2026-10-26
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