概述
认为许多公民更偏好低调高效政府而非参与的理论。
发展
与协商民主相关。
评价
有实证与批评。
常见问题
- 隐形民主是什么？
- 认为许多公民更偏好低调高效政府而非参与的理论。
- 为何重要？
- 有助于理解社会。
来源核查日期：2026-10-26
参考文献
- Hibbing, J. R., & Theiss-Morse, E. (2002). Stealth democracy: Americans' beliefs about how government should work. Cambridge University Press. 首次提出该概念的原著。
- Hibbing, J. R. (2001). Process preferences and American politics: What the people want government to be. American Political Science Review, 95(1), 145–153. 主张过程偏好与政策偏好同样重要。
- Neblo, M. A., Esterling, K. M., Kennedy, R. P., Lazer, D. M. J., & Sokhey, A. E. (2010). Who wants to deliberate—and why? American Political Science Review, 104(3), 566–583. 反驳该论点，显示许多公民愿意审议。
- Bengtsson, Å., & Mattila, M. (2009). Direct democracy and its critics: Support for direct democracy and 'stealth' democracy in Finland. West European Politics, 32(5), 1031–1048. 以芬兰数据比较直接民主与隐形民主支持。
- Font, J., Wojcieszak, M., & Navarro, C. J. (2015). Participation, representation and expertise: Citizen preferences for political decision-making processes. Political Studies, 63(1_suppl), 153–172. 分析对参与、代表与专家决策的偏好。
- VanderMolen, K. (2017). Stealth democracy revisited: Reconsidering preferences for less visible government. Political Research Quarterly, 70(3), 687–698. 重新检视测量与概念效度。
- Webb, P. (2013). Who is willing to participate? Dissatisfied democrats, stealth democrats and populists in the United Kingdom. European Journal of Political Research, 52(6), 747–772. 区分英国的不满型与隐形型民主派。