贝特曼的实验
贝特曼(1948)把带有眼形等不同显性标记的果蝇品系放入同一瓶中,再根据后代的标记推断亲本。结果显示,雄性的后代数量随配偶数增加而大幅上升,而雌性在交配一次之后,配偶数增加几乎不再提高后代数量。此外,未留下任何后代的个体比例和繁殖成功的方差也都是雄性更大。他将这种差异归因于产生大卵和小精子的成本不同,即异配生殖,并以此解释性选择为何对雄性作用更强。
理论发展
特里弗斯(1972)把贝特曼的研究扩展为亲代投资理论,认为对后代投资较多的性别会成为挑选配偶的一方,而投资较少的性别则为配偶而竞争。韦德(1979)把繁殖成功的方差量化为选择机会,阿诺德与杜瓦尔(1994)则将繁殖成功对配偶数量的回归斜率定义为“贝特曼梯度”。克拉顿-布罗克与文森特(1991)认为两性潜在繁殖速率的差异决定了性别角色,琼斯等(2000)在雄性怀孕的海龙鱼中证实了性别角色颠倒的贝特曼梯度。
重新审视与元分析
斯奈德与高瓦蒂(2007)重新分析贝特曼的原始数据,指出标记方法的局限导致亲本推断存在偏差;高瓦蒂、金与安德森(2012)报告称重复该实验时未获得明确证据。唐-马丁内斯(2016)指出许多雌性也能从多次交配中获益,批评了固定的性别角色观念。相反,弗里切与安克维斯特(2013)以及亚尼克等(2016)对多种动物类群的元分析发现,平均而言雄性的贝特曼梯度和选择机会更大。科科与詹尼恩斯(2008)则强调性比与亲代投资是协同进化的。
常见问题
- 如何简单理解贝特曼原理?
- 雄性配偶越多后代就大幅增加,而雌性增加得不多,因此雄性之间的竞争往往更激烈。
- 贝特曼原理现在还被认可吗?
- 原始实验的方法受到批评,但针对众多动物类群的元分析支持“平均而言雄性受到更强性选择”的趋势;不过不同物种中也有许多例外和性别角色颠倒。
来源核查日期:2026-10-26
参考文献
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