起源
不同于自我设障。
机制
预想负面结果有助表现。
与乐观
与乐观偏差相对。
常见问题
- 简单来说？
- 预想最坏并准备。
- 悲观总是坏事吗？
- 对焦虑者有效。
来源核查日期：2026-10-26
参考文献
- Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986). Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1208–1217. 提出概念的原始论文。
- Cantor, N., & Norem, J. K. (1989). Defensive pessimism and stress and coping. Social Cognition, 7(2), 92–112. 作为应对策略。
- Showers, C. (1992). The motivational and emotional consequences of considering positive or negative possibilities for an upcoming event. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 474–484. 考虑负面可能的实验。
- Norem, J. K., & Illingworth, K. S. S. (1993). Strategy-dependent effects of reflecting on self and tasks: Some implications of optimism and defensive pessimism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 822–835. 干扰策略的实验。
- Norem, J. K. (2001). The positive power of negative thinking. Basic Books. 通俗读物。
- Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2002). The positive psychology of negative thinking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(9), 993–1001. 积极心理学视角。
- Norem, J. K. (2008). Defensive pessimism, anxiety, and the complexity of evaluating self-regulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 121–134. 研究综述。