起源与概念
亚当·斯密(1776)认为,市场越大,分工越深化,生产率也越高;阿林·扬(1928)将其扩展为整个经济的收益递增。费尔登(1949)在多国数据中发现,制造业产出增长率与劳动生产率增长率之间存在稳定的正相关。这一关系被解释为反映了“动态规模经济”,即随着产出扩大,专业化、学习和技术采用同时推进。阿罗(1962)的“干中学”也将类似机制形式化。
卡尔多增长定律与循环累积因果
卡尔多(1966)在分析英国增长缓慢的原因时提出三条定律:制造业增长带动整体经济增长;制造业产出增长提高制造业生产率(即费尔登定律);制造业扩张也提高其他部门的生产率。狄克逊与瑟尔沃尔(1975)把这一思想与出口需求结合,构建了“循环累积因果”模型:起步领先的地区通过生产率提升增强竞争力,进而吸引更多需求。这一观点与瑟尔沃尔法则和路径依赖相关联。
实证争论与现代意义
罗索恩(1975)批评卡尔多的估计严重依赖日本等异常观测值,卡尔多(1975)则反驳说,由于就业增长由需求决定,把产出视为自变量是正确的。麦康比(1982)指出了“静态-动态费尔登定律悖论”:用时间序列的水平值估计得出规模收益不变,而用增长率估计则得出收益递增。芬格尔顿与麦康比(1998)以及安赫里斯、麦康比与罗伯茨(2008)利用欧洲地区数据证实了相当程度的收益递增和空间溢出效应。罗默(1986)的收益递增模型在内生增长理论框架中表达了类似思想。
常见问题
- 怎样通俗地理解费尔登定律?
- 工厂产量增长得越快,每个工人的生产率也提高得越快,这是一条经验规律。
- 它为什么重要?
- 由于产出增长与生产率提高相互强化,它有助于解释国家和地区之间的增长差距为何会不断累积扩大。
来源核查日期:2026-10-26
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