理论由来
与自我决定理论相通。
经典案例
罚款反而增加迟到。
政策含义
影响了行为经济学。
常见问题
- 简单来说？
- 奖励反而削弱自愿动机。
- 为何罚款增加迟到？
- 罚款把愧疚变成了价格。
来源核查日期：2026-10-26
参考文献
- Titmuss, R. M. (1970). The gift relationship: From human blood to social policy. Allen & Unwin. 认为有偿献血会挤出自愿献血的经典。
- Frey, B. S. (1997). Not just for the money: An economic theory of personal motivation. Edward Elgar. 系统阐述动机挤出理论的著作。
- Frey, B. S., & Oberholzer-Gee, F. (1997). The cost of price incentives: An empirical analysis of motivation crowding-out. American Economic Review, 87(4), 746–755. 补偿金降低接受意愿的瑞士研究。
- Frey, B. S., & Jegen, R. (2001). Motivation crowding theory. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(5), 589–611. 综述理论条件与实证的论文。
- Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627–668. 证明外在奖励削弱内在动机的元分析。
- Gneezy, U., & Rustichini, A. (2000). A fine is a price. The Journal of Legal Studies, 29(1), 1–17. 罚款反增迟到的实验。
- Bowles, S., & Polanía-Reyes, S. (2012). Economic incentives and social preferences: Substitutes or complements? Journal of Economic Literature, 50(2), 368–425. 综述经济激励与社会偏好关系的论文。
- Mellström, C., & Johannesson, M. (2008). Crowding out in blood donation: Was Titmuss right? Journal of the European Economic Association, 6(4), 845–863. 检验蒂特马斯观点的实验。