研究起点
揭示共同行动的复杂性。
两种途径
街头官僚裁量是关键。
整合模型
发展为倡导联盟框架。
常见问题
- 简单来说是什么？
- 从上与从基层两种视角。
- 哪个更好？
- 视情境而定。
来源核查日期：2026-10-26
参考文献
- Pressman, J. L., & Wildavsky, A. (1973). Implementation: How great expectations in Washington are dashed in Oakland. University of California Press. 开创执行研究的经典。
- Sabatier, P., & Mazmanian, D. (1980). The implementation of public policy: A framework of analysis. Policy Studies Journal, 8(4), 538–560. 自上而下途径的代表框架。
- Elmore, R. F. (1979). Backward mapping: Implementation research and policy decisions. Political Science Quarterly, 94(4), 601–616. 提出后向追踪法的论文。
- Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services. Russell Sage Foundation. 分析街头官僚裁量的经典。
- Hjern, B., & Porter, D. O. (1981). Implementation structures: A new unit of administrative analysis. Organization Studies, 2(3), 211–227. 提出执行结构这一分析单位。
- Sabatier, P. A. (1986). Top-down and bottom-up approaches to implementation research: A critical analysis and suggested synthesis. Journal of Public Policy, 6(1), 21–48. 比较两种途径并提出综合。
- Matland, R. E. (1995). Synthesizing the implementation literature: The ambiguity-conflict model of policy implementation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 5(2), 145–174. 以模糊性与冲突划分执行类型。