条件
与回溯性投票相关。
1950年报告
APSA改革建议。
实证
与政党认同相关。
常见问题
- 简单来说？
- 兑现承诺并受评判。
- 美国政党呢？
- 部分接近。
来源核查日期：2026-10-26
参考文献
- Schattschneider, E. E. (1942). Party government. Farrar and Rinehart. 政党政府经典。
- American Political Science Association, Committee on Political Parties. (1950). Toward a more responsible two-party system. American Political Science Review, 44(3, Pt. 2). APSA报告。
- Ranney, A. (1954). The doctrine of responsible party government: Its origins and present state. University of Illinois Press. 思想史。
- Kirkpatrick, E. M. (1971). "Toward a more responsible two-party system": Political science, policy science, or pseudo-science? American Political Science Review, 65(4), 965–990. 对报告的批评。
- Pomper, G. M. (1971). Toward a more responsible two-party system? What, again? Journal of Politics, 33(4), 916–940. 评估变化。
- Dalton, R. J. (1985). Political parties and political representation: Party supporters and party elites in nine nations. Comparative Political Studies, 18(3), 267–299. 九国比较。
- Adams, J. (2001). Party competition and responsible party government: A theory of spatial competition based upon insights from behavioral voting research. University of Michigan Press. 空间竞争模型。
- Thomassen, J., & van Ham, C. (2014). Failing political representation or a change in kind? Models of representation and empirical trends in Europe. West European Politics, 37(2), 400–419. 欧洲近期趋势。