佩尔兹曼的研究
佩尔兹曼(1975)分析了美国20世纪60年代引入的安全带、吸能转向柱等汽车安全标准的效果。他假定驾驶者会在安全与车速等“驾驶强度”之间作理性权衡。安全装置减少了事故中的伤害,也就降低了危险驾驶的预期成本,驾驶者便会开得更快、更激进。他估计,虽然车内乘员死亡减少,但行人和骑车人的伤亡增加,总死亡人数与监管前的趋势相差不大。这项研究与斯蒂格勒(1971)和佩尔兹曼(1976)的经济规制理论一起,成为芝加哥学派规制研究的代表作。
风险补偿与风险稳态
佩尔兹曼效应与更一般的“风险补偿”概念相联系。怀尔德(1982)提出“风险稳态理论”,认为个人会调整行为以维持目标风险水平,因此仅靠技术性安全措施难以长期降低事故率。阿申布伦纳与比尔(1994)在慕尼黑出租车实验中报告,装有防抱死制动系统的车辆驾驶者倾向于跟车更近。维斯库西(1984)则报告了儿童防护包装反而降低父母警惕性的“麻痹效应”。
实证争论
罗伯逊(1977)强烈批评佩尔兹曼的数据和模型设定,克兰德尔与格雷厄姆(1984)给出了监管减少净死亡人数的新估计。埃文斯(1986)认为交通事故数据并不支持完全的风险稳态。科恩与艾纳夫(2003)报告称,强制系安全带法提高了佩戴率并减少了死亡,抵消行为的证据较弱。莱维特与波特(2001)在考虑样本选择问题后重新估计了安全装置的效果,温斯顿、马赫什里与曼纳林(2006)则发现安全气囊和防抱死系统的抵消效应可能相当可观。赫德伦德(2000)梳理了抵消发生的条件,认为其通常只是部分的。
常见问题
- 如何简单理解佩尔兹曼效应?
- 汽车安全装置增多、人们感觉更安全后,可能会开得更大胆,于是安全装置带来的好处有一部分会被抵消。
- 这是否意味着安全监管无效?
- 并非如此。许多实证研究发现安全带等监管减少了净死亡人数,多数结论认为抵消行为通常只是部分存在。
来源核查日期:2026-10-26
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